Parts of speech 2019

parts of speech 2019


 Grammar classifies words based on nine parts of speech

Verb  
Noun  
Pronoun  
Articles  
Adjective  
Adverb  
Preposition  
Conjunction  
Interjection 

1. VERBS 
A verb performs either of three kinds of tasks:  
it expresses action;  
it expresses a state of being;  
it expresses the relationship between two things.  
Transitive verbs take objects. They tells us what the subject (agent) does to something else (object).  
He bought a shirt. (agent) (did something) (object‐ answers the question "what?")  
She brushes her hair every hour.  
Marina will lose the race.  
Intransitive verbs do not take an object. They express actions that do not require the agent's doing something to something else.  
Tom danced.  

They ran down the road. 

2. NOUNS
A noun is any word which names a person, place, thing, idea, animal, quality, or activity.  
person ‐ Nicholas  
place ‐ countryside  
thing ‐ pen  
idea ‐ equality  
animal ‐ kangaroo  
quality ‐ weight  
activity ‐ supervision  
Proper nouns are the names of specific things, people, or places, such as Chicoutimi and Christine.  
Common nouns are general names such as woman, wall and lamp. They can be either concrete or abstract.  
Concrete nouns refer to things which you can sense such as calculator and pantry.  

Abstract nouns refer to ideas or qualities such as freedom and truth.  

3. PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word which takes the place of a noun or stands in for an unknown noun. The noun which the pronoun replaces is called its antecedent.  
Mary wondered whether she should go to the party. "Mary" is the antecedent of the pronoun "she".  
Nominative or subject case: ("I," "you," "she," "he," "it," "we," "you," "they.“)  
She came to the house.  
Who has seen the wind?  
This is she.   
The object personal pronouns are: "me," "you," "her," "him," "it," "us," "you," and "them."  
The object case pronoun functions as a direct or indirect object, or as an object of a preposition.  
I gave her a test.  
I sold it to them.  
The book is beside him.  
Possessive personal pronouns are "mine," "yours," "hers," "his," "its," "ours," and "theirs."  
That tennis racquet is mine.  
The pleasure was all hers.  
A demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun: "this" and "these" , "that" and "those".  
An interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions: "who," "whom," "which," "what”.  
You can use a relative pronoun to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause: "who," "whom," "that," and "which."  
Indefinite pronouns have no specific antecedents.  
Singular: another both everything  nothing any each neither one anybody either nobody none 
Plural:  all few more much most several both some many  
Reflexive pronouns indicate that the subject performs actions to or for itself.: “myself”, “yourself”, “himself”, “herself”, “itself”, “ourselves”, “yourselves”, “themselves”  

An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used to emphasise its antecedent. Intensive pronouns are identical in form to reflexive pronouns. 

4. ARTICLES  
Definite article: “the”.  

Indefinite articles: “a” and “an”. 

5. ADJECTIVES
Possessive adjectives: The possessive adjectives my, your, his, her, its, our, and their modify nouns by showing possession or ownership.  
Demonstrative adjectives: this, that, these, those  
Eg. These apples are wonderful.  
Interrogative Adjectives: The interrogative adjectives what, which, and whose modify nouns and pronouns to indicate a question about them.  
pronoun: Which fell?  
adjective: Which trapeze artist fell?    

6. ADVERBS  
Adverbs modify, limit or qualify other words. They can modify:  
verbs  
adjectives  
other adverbs  
whole sentences  
Many adverbs end in ‐ly.  
awkwardly happily sharply tightly cheerfully loudly swiftly viciously  
Some adverbs do not end in ‐ly.  
everywhere here  never so  fast much rather 

7. PREPOSITIONS  
A preposition links a noun or a pronoun with some other word or expression in the sentence.  
The cow jumped over the moon.  
The preposition "over" links its object, "the moon," to the verb "jump."  
about below in over about inside past up across into since upon after near through with between against by of throughout   
The children climbed the mountain without fear.  

The spider crawled slowly along the railing. 

8. CONJUNCTIONS  
Conjunctions join words, phrases or clauses.  
I ate the pizza and the pasta.  
Coordinating conjunctions join sentence parts of equal grammatical status. They are:  
and for or yet  but nor so  
Correlative conjunctions join words, phrases, and clauses, as well as whole sentences.  
both ... and  
neither ... nor  
either ... or  
not only ... but also  

Subordinating conjunctions connect clauses of unequal status. A subordinating conjunction introduces a subordinate or dependent clause, which is unable to stand alone as a complete sentence.after even if that while although  even though though as if unless in order.

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